In which situation may an officer not search a vehicle?

An officer may not search a vehicle if the owner is present and restricts the search. The legal principle of personal privacy and property rights protects an individual from having their belongings searched without consent. If the owner explicitly communicates their refusal for a search, that request typically holds, as long as it is clear and unequivocal. This protection is rooted in the Fourth Amendment, which safeguards individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures.

In this context, even if other factors may complicate the situation—such as the presence of probable cause or concerns about evidence destruction—deference is often given to the owner's wishes when they are present and have the capacity to assert their rights. Thus, clear communication regarding permission is essential in determining whether a search may proceed.