How long after an arrest without a warrant must a judicial determination of probable cause be provided?

The correct answer is that a judicial determination of probable cause must be provided within 48 hours of an arrest without a warrant. This requirement is based on the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. The timing aspect ensures that individuals who have been arrested are not held indefinitely without a clear judicial assessment of whether there is sufficient evidence to warrant their detention. The courts have interpreted this timeframe to mean that an arrested individual needs to have a probable cause hearing promptly, which is typically established as 48 hours. Delays longer than this can violate constitutional protections and lead to potential legal repercussions for the arresting authorities.